Rare-earth corrosion-resistant steel
Rare-earth corrosion-resistant steel
Rare-earth corrosion-resistant plain carbon steel series—Q195LRE cold-drawn wire (φ4 mm)
Profiled materials are objects with defined geometric shapes, manufactured from iron or steel and other materials possessing specified strength and toughness through processes such as rolling, extrusion, and casting. These materials exhibit fixed external dimensions, a consistent cross-sectional profile, and well‑defined mechanical and physical properties. Profiles can be used directly or further processed into finished components, commonly employed in structural applications and manufacturing assemblies. Mechanical engineers select the specific shape, material, heat‑treatment condition, and mechanical properties of profiles according to design requirements, then divide them into segments based on dimensional and geometrical specifications before subjecting them to additional machining or heat treatment to meet the required precision. Material grades and dimensional tolerances for profiles shall comply with the relevant national standards.
Steel pipes are hollow‑section steel products whose length significantly exceeds their diameter or perimeter. Based on cross‑sectional shape, they are classified into round, square, rectangular, and special‑shaped pipes; based on material, into carbon structural steel pipes, low‑alloy structural steel pipes, alloy steel pipes, and composite steel pipes; and based on application, into pipes for conveying pipelines, engineering structures, thermal equipment, the petrochemical industry, mechanical manufacturing, geological drilling, high‑pressure equipment, and more. According to manufacturing process, they are divided into seamless steel pipes and welded steel pipes; seamless pipes are further categorized into hot‑rolled and cold‑rolled (drawn) types, while welded pipes are subdivided into straight‑seam welded pipes and spiral‑seam welded pipes.
Strip steel and steel coils are thin‑gauge, narrow‑width, long‑length steel sheets. Their typical width ranges from 20 mm to 200 mm. They are supplied in coil form, with dimensions expressed as thickness × width. Based on steel quality, they are classified as either high‑quality or ordinary strip steel; based on the rolling process, they are divided into hot‑rolled and cold‑rolled types, referred to as hot‑rolled strip steel and cold‑rolled strip steel, respectively. Hot‑rolled ordinary strip steel typically has a thickness of 2 mm to 6 mm, while cold‑rolled strip steel generally ranges from 0.05 mm to 3.60 mm. Strip steel can be manufactured from various grades, including plain carbon steel, carbon structural steel, spring steel, tool steel, and stainless steel. It is widely used in the production of welded pipes, clamps, washers, spring leaves, saw blades, cutting blades, and similar products.
Billet is the product obtained by casting molten steel after it has been refined in a steelmaking furnace. From a manufacturing standpoint, billets are mainly classified into two types: mold‑cast billets and continuous‑casting billets; mold‑casting processes have largely been phased out. Billets are essentially steel products themselves; after further processing, they can be used to manufacture mechanical components, forgings, and various types of steel products, such as Q345B channel steel and wire rod—these are all applications of billets. A billet refers to a semi‑finished product used in steel production and generally cannot be directly supplied for end‑use in society. There are strict criteria for distinguishing between billets and finished steel products; this distinction should not be based on whether a product is an enterprise’s final output, but rather on unified national standards. In most cases, billets and finished steel are relatively easy to differentiate. However, for certain billets that share the same specifications and intended applications as finished steel—for example, rolled pipe billets—their classification may depend on whether they are supplied to other industries, whether they undergo steel‑processing operations, or whether they are further processed on finishing rolling mills.
In China, hot-rolled round steel supplied in coils and available in eight standard diameters ranging from 5 to 9 millimeters is referred to as wire rod. Because it is delivered in coil form, it is also known as coiled bar. Internationally, the definition of wire rod differs slightly from that in China; in addition to circular cross‑sections, it may also come in other shapes, with diameters varying according to market demand and prevailing production technologies. Depending on the rolling mill used, wire rods are classified into two main types: high‑speed wire rod (high‑line) and ordinary wire rod (common‑line). Wire rod is typically manufactured from plain carbon steel and high‑quality carbon steel. According to the steel product classification and intended applications, wire rod encompasses ordinary low‑carbon steel hot‑rolled round coils, high‑quality carbon steel coils, carbon welding electrode coils, quenched and tempered threaded coils, coils for manufacturing steel wire ropes, coils for piano wire, as well as stainless steel coils, among others.
Threaded steel is the common name for hot-rolled ribbed reinforcing bars. The grade designation of ordinary hot-rolled reinforcing steel consists of “HRB” followed by the minimum yield strength value. The letters H, R, and B stand for Hot‑rolled, Ribbed, and Bars, respectively. Hot‑rolled ribbed reinforcing bars are classified into three grades: Grade II HRB335 (formerly designated as 20MnSi), Grade III HRB400 (formerly designated as 20MnSiV, 20MnSiNb, or 20Mnti), and Grade IV HRB500.
Nickel is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Ni, its atomic number is 28, and its atomic weight is 58.69; it belongs to Group VIII of the periodic table. In ancient times, the Egyptians, Chinese, and Babylonians all crafted objects from meteoric iron with exceptionally high nickel content, and in ancient China, nickel ores produced in Yunnan also exhibited very high nickel concentrations. In 1751, the Swedish chemist A.F. Cronstedt obtained metallic nickel by reducing niccolite with charcoal; the English name for nickel derives from the German term “Kupfernickel,” which means “false copper.” Nickel occurs in the Earth’s crust at a concentration of 0.018%, and its principal minerals include pentlandite, garnierite, millerite or violarite, and niccolite. Furthermore, manganese nodules on the ocean floor contain substantial nickel reserves, making them an important prospective resource for nickel.
Over the past half-century, since blast furnace coal injection technology was first put into industrial-scale, large‑area application, domestic steel production capacity has continued to expand, and key technologies for pulverized‑coal injection have steadily advanced and matured. As a result, market demand has grown steadily. In recent years, with the gradual depletion of China’s high‑quality coking‑coal resources, the role of blast furnace coal injection in the steelmaking process has become increasingly prominent, playing an ever more critical part in reducing smelting costs across the industry. Indeed, the very origins of blast furnace coal injection as a metallurgical tool predetermined this trend: (1) substituting pulverized coal for a portion of metallurgical coke lowers the coke‑to‑iron ratio and cuts pig iron production costs; (2) it helps regulate the furnace’s thermal regime and ensures stable operation; (3) the injected coal powder gasifies and burns just upstream of the tuyeres, reducing the theoretical combustion temperature; to maintain the theoretical combustion temperature, supplemental heat must be supplied, thereby creating favorable conditions for higher blast pressures and oxygen‑enriched air blowing; and (4) replacing part of the coke with pulverized coal not only reduces investment in coking facilities—allowing fewer coke ovens to be built and curbing air pollution associated with coking—but also significantly eases the tight supply‑demand balance of coking coal.
Round steel is classified into three types: hot-rolled, forged, and cold-drawn. Hot-rolled round steel is available in sizes ranging from 5.5 to 250 millimeters. Specifically, small round bars measuring 5.5 to 25 millimeters are typically supplied in straight lengths bundled together and are commonly used as reinforcing bars, bolts, and various machine components; round bars larger than 25 millimeters are primarily employed in the manufacture of machine parts and billets for seamless steel pipes, among other applications.
Hot-rolled flange plates are specialized materials used to weld lightweight H‑beams of various specifications and dimensions. This product optimizes the manufacturing process for welded H‑beams, replacing plate stock, reducing shearing costs, saving labor hours, and minimizing steel consumption, thereby significantly lowering the overall cost of welded H‑beams. It is primarily employed in steel structure fabrication, bridge engineering, construction machinery, equipment manufacturing, and other applications requiring narrow to medium‑width plates.
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